An Overview of the Numerical Approaches to Water Hammer Modelling: The Ongoing Quest for Practical and Accurate Numerical Approaches

Here, recent developments in the key numerical approaches to water hammer modelling are summarized and critiqued. This paper summarizes one-dimensional using finite difference method (FDM), of characteristics (MOC), especially more volume (FVM). The discussion is briefly extended two-dimensional modelling, as well computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches. Finite methods particular note, since they approximate governing partial differential equations (PDEs) a integral form, thus intrinsically conserving mass momentum fluxes. Accuracy transient particularly important certain (typically nuanced) applications, including fault (leakage blockage) detection. FVM, first advanced Godunov’s scheme, preferred cases where wave celerity evolves over time (e.g., due release air) or spatial changes wall thickness). Both experimental studies demonstrate that first-order scheme compares favourably with MOC terms accuracy speed; further advances FVM schemes, it progressively achieves faster accurate codes. current range discussed illustrated, highlighting both their limitations advantages.